What's the Difference EARTH and MARS. . .???

EARTH

We have long lived on Earth. The only planet - from the 9 planets that are members of the solar system - is known to qualify for life, with 66 heavy sextiliun (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 or 10 ^ 21) tons and the volume of 1 trillion cubic kilometer. But to know yourself if you have any further earth?

Here are 10 facts about the Earth that you may never know. May be useful for enhancing your knowledge.

Surface of the Earth

 

1. Earth's surface is more subtle than billiard balls

If the Earth shrunk to the size of a billiard ball, the surface will be smoother than the surface of the billiard balls. Is that right? Let us look further, to the smallest count in mathematics.

First of all, how gentle a billiard ball? A billiard ball diameter is 2.25 inches or about 5.7 cm, and has a tolerance less than 0.005 inch or 0.013 cm. In other words, the ball should not be subjected to a pressure or impact of more than 0.005 inches or 0.013 cm in the highest position. It's really soft. The ratio of the size of a collision than the permitted size of the ball is 0.005 / 2.25 or about 0.002.

Now we compare with the ball Earth. Earth has a diameter of about 12.735 kilometers (on average). Using the smoothness ratio billiard balls on top - or the Earth is considered as a billiard ball - if no collision (mountains) or pressure (of rivers) more than 12.735 miles x 0.00222, or about 28 km on the actual size.

Given the highest point on the Earth's surface is the top of Mount Everest about 8.85 kilometers, and the deepest point is the Marianas Trench about 11 km. The figures are still far within the limits of tolerance, which is 28 km. So the Earth's surface has proven more subtle than a billiard ball.

2. The earth is not round

It is generally known that the Earth is round like a ball since thousands of years ago. Eratosthenes even calculated the circle with great accuracy!

But it was not perfect. Earth rotates on its axis, and as a result the earth became swollen due to centrifugal force, a force that is pushing out your experience when you are riding in a car that turned left suddenly. Because the rotation of Earth, emerged out of a maximum force in Katulistiwa Earth, making the bump out in the area like a basketball Katulistiwanya occupied. This forms a lump called a ball with transverse (oblate spheroid).

If you draw a line from north to south poles of Earth, the Earth is the center line of 12,713.6 km. If you measure the diameter of the equator as the margins, the length is 12,756.2 km, where there is a difference of about 42.6 kilometers. That exceeds the tolerance of billiard balls. So the earth is more gentle than billiard balls, but not sebulatnya, if the size of Earth diminished.

3. Earth drawn here and there

But not finished until pemasalahan there. Earth also has bruised caused by the Sun and the Moon. The sun and the moon has a gravitational pull of Earth. As a result there bump-bump on the surface of the Earth - both on land and at sea - the section closest to the Sun and the Moon. An increase or a lump from the Moon has gravity amplitude (height) with a rough estimate of 1 meter of water - usually called the rise, and probably about 30 cm on the ground. The sun was much larger size than the Moon, but because it is so far the resulting increase of about half of it. This is much smaller when compared with the deviation from the earth's rotation, but will still be there.

4. Earth is not really in line with its geoid

If the Earth has infinite elasticity, and the circumstances that the Earth responds with unlimited any pressure, so the shape becomes a strange and distorted (highly elastic gel-like), that is what is called geoid. For example, if the entire Earth's surface is water completely - if global warming has resulted in very severe - the form will be geoid surface. But the continents are still not tough, so the surface of the Earth is only approximately a geoid.

Measurements are appropriate for the earth's surface are calibrated against the geoid, but the geoid itself is difficult to measure. The best thing we can do now is take the model by using complicated mathematical functions. That is why ESA launched a satellite called GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer) on March 17, then, to directly determine the geoid's shape.

5. Jumped into the holes penetrating into the Earth like trying to orbit into space

We wish to dig a hole through the Earth berkedalaman 13,000 km, and a trip to the center of the Earth. What happened? Whether we can cross the center of the earth and out to the other surfaces?

First of all, you will experience acceleration continuously when pulled toward the center like fall, with a total journey time approximately 20 minutes to get there. But when you are trying to get through the center of Earth to rise to the surface, you will begin to experience a slowing and eventually will fall back to the center. How else would you try to fall, because the gravity center of the earth grew larger when you are farther away from the center, and the acceleration due to gravity decreases when approached. The speed you need to get past the center and up to the surface of the earth is about 7.7 km / sec.

In fact, mathematical calculations similar to control your movements when the orbital objects. The time needed to fall to earth together with the need to return to orbit, if the lines really orbitals at the surface of the Earth (orbit slows as orbital diameters wide). Even the strange, no matter from where you start the hole, a straight line through the Earth from any point to the other points (shortest distance, through the midline of the earth, or from anywhere) lets you time-travel the same, ie 42 minutes or about it.

6. The depth of the earth which affects the heat shrinkage, the surface of the sink, and radioactive decay.

In the past, you, me, and all things on Earth was scattered in a disk around the Sun several billion kilometers. From time to time, all these scattered planetesimals gathered into, such as asteroids, small asteroids, which hit at once, some elongated, larger form. In the end, after this thing is big enough, then the active pull of gravity with the other. Taken together, they release kinetic energy in the form of heat, and the young Earth, which form the molten ball. Presto! A heat source appears. With increasing gravity, the force trying to destroy the Earth to form a more solid ball. As you squeeze a hot object. Presto! The second heat source is created.

Since the Earth is still liquid, heavy material falls into the center and lighter material ejected upward. Earth's core contains so much iron, nickel, osmium, and various other metals. As this material falls, heat is produced, then the potential energy converted into energy of motion, which is then converted into a separate thermal energy.

And some of the heavy elements that are radioactive, like uranium. When the proceeds, releasing heat. The calculation is probably more than half the heat in the planet.

So the Earth gets hot in it because there are at least four sources. And still hot until now because of earth's crust to be a good insulator. Prevent the crust off with efficient heat, even after a 4.55 billion-year period of the earth is still a warm place that is not fun.

Sometimes, the amount of heat that flows out into the Earth's surface from an internal source of approximately 45 trillion Watts. Approximately three times the human energy consumption worldwide. If we can keep all the heat and turn it with 100% efficiency in the form of electrical energy, means literally the energy for all mankind. But unfortunately, it can not be done.

7. Earth has five "months" other.

We all know that the Earth has a moon alone. But do you know there are four other objects, at least, which is very close to Earth in our solar system. They are not really the moon, but much like the moon.

The largest named Cruithne. The distance is about 5 kilometers from Earth, and have elliptical orbits that are, at some point in the inside and outside the Earth orbits the sun. Cruithne is the orbital period around the Earth orbital period, and because the strangeness of this orbit, so he is always on the same side of Earth from the Sun. From our perspective, it makes an orbit of a strange, sometimes closer, sometimes farther from Earth, but never really far away.

That's why some people say this thing as a "month" Earth. But Cruithne actually orbits the sun, so that is not the moon of Earth. Just like the three other objects found. But "the months" would not harm the Earth, even though they are close to Earth, but their orbits do not physically cross it. So the Earth remains safe from them.

8. Earth will become a giant

We may still be safe from collision Cruithne, but space is still littered with many ruins, and the fact that the Earth cuts a wide area of about 125 million square kilometers. As we navigate this material, we collect an average of 20-40 tons of material per day! Most of them form dust particles so small that burned down in the Earth's atmosphere, such as what is called a meteor. Meteorite fragments eventually falling to the ground after being taken by the rain and buried, and the river washed into the ocean then.

40 tons per day may sound like a lot, but it only 0.000000000000000000000002% or 2 × 10 ^ -23 times the mass of the earth. In other words takes about 140,000 million trillion years to double the mass of the Earth, the material in one year was enough cosmic junk to fill a full six-storey building.

For the record Earth also loses its mass, because the atmosphere through leakage caused many different processes. Although still far slower than the increase in mass accumulation, so the effect remains will double its mass.

9. Mount Everest is not the biggest mountian

Height of a mountain probably has an actual definition, but it would be more appropriate when measured from the bottom to the top spot kulminasinya. Mount Everest stretches 8850 meters above sea level, but that from the point first to the general limitations of the Himalayas. Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii, 10,314 feet from end to end, although only reaching 4205 meters above sea level, but a bigger mountain than Everest.

10. Not easy to destroy the Earth

Maybe you've heard about the destruction of Earth's path, but actually it is not easy to destroy the Earth.

We take the example of action by evaporation of the destruction of the planet. Preview evaporation as the Earth blowing hard, are scattered and can not be returned even if there is gravity. How much energy is required, if it be done?

Suppose we take a stone. Throw in a strong upward into the sky so that apart from the Earth. And it will take a lot of energy! Now do continue, once again, kept repeating itself, around 10 ^ 15 times, until the entire Earth down. It takes so much energy! But there are advantages, every stone that we release will reduce the bit gravity of Earth - because the mass of Earth will shrink a rock mass. When gravity is reduced, meaning it would be easier to throw the next stone into space.

Mathematical calculations to calculate how much energy it takes to throw a stone at the same time, included the decline in Earth's gravity. If you make some basic assumptions, the energy required is roughly 2 x 1032 Joules, or 200 million trillion trillion Joules. Quite a lot. In comparison, the number was equal to the total amount of energy emitted by the Sun during the week. This is also comparable to the trillions of times the energy of destruction of all existing nuclear weapons on Earth.

If you want to vaporize the Earth with nuclear weapons, and blow up a number of all existing nuclear Earth in every one second, then takes 160,000 years to turn the Earth into a gas. And that if you only consider the factor of gravity alone! And there chemical bond energy in the earth, which is tied to each other between the material, so it will take another energy.

Even major clashes can not vaporize the planet. A Mars-sized object hit the Earth more than 45 billion years ago, and the remains then are fabricated and formed the moon, but the Earth still does not evaporate. Even hitting a whole planet to the other planets will not destroy it! Of course, the collision of the Earth will melt into the core, so that damage does occur. But the earth remains.

Even if the sun will become a red giant, but still not be able to swallow the Earth, would only be harmful to humans. But the total evaporation will not occur. Because the planets tend to survive, and will remain a safe place to live

 

MARS

 

 

Map of Mars was first made by two German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann Madler in the year 1840. Then in 1924, Lick Observatory, Lowell and create a more perfect map and color.

The existence of data completeness interesting pictures, sparked a desire to conduct further exploration, especially related to life in this red planet. In addition, compared with the other planets in this solar system, Mars is more to show the existence of chemical evolution and origin of life.

Mars, fourth planet from the sun is much less than half of the Earth (6790 kilometers in diameter), when compared with the Earth's there are some similarities. A number of similarities that make the scientists speculate about the possibility of life on Mars.

Some similarities had been raised by the 1986 CP McKay in his writing titled Exobiology and Future Mars Mission (See Table).

Surface of the Mars

 

1. Microorganisms

In a symposium that discuss planetary biology and origins of life which was held in Washington in 1992, experts have launched five to Mars exploration strategy following the investigation has been done and that development is more clear and focused.

The five strategies are the first to use remote sensing spacecraft to get a detailed image. The second landing mission on Mars.

Spacecraft Mariner 4 unmanned spacecraft is owned by the United States first landed on Mars in 1965.

The third strategy, identify the organic material (a material containing elements making up the organism), detects the presence of fossils, and observed the remnants of life.

Fourth, carrying research materials from Mars to Earth to examine its contents, as it has done through the Viking missions I and II.

From the results of soil samples, with radioactive carbon 14 to detect the metabolic activity of organisms, there were no signs of biological and chemical processes that support the existence of life.

Next year 1997, NASA will conduct more exploration to Mars to collect samples from Mars in order to repeat the examination more accurate.

The fifth strategy, human exploration to the surface of Mars with the aim of determining geological properties to conclude in detail. The fifth strategy is useful to determine the steps further exploration and to create a spectacular dream, a living environment suitable for habitation such as the current condition of the Earth, at age 22.

In 1994, NASA found the stone meteorites that fell to Earth about 13,000 years ago in the Antarctic area which allegedly came from Mars, because it has characteristics such as chemical composition on the Red Planet.

Stone meteorite have been studied at the NASA Johnson Space Center, the results showed any signs of life remains a pioneer, in the form of fossil microorganisms was about 3.6 billion years ago (Kompas, August 9, 1996).

2. Ecosystem evolution

The findings of fossil remains of life that can reveal a lot of the origins of life on Mars and comparisons as well as the origin place of living and life on Earth.

As the third planet in the solar system, Earth's atmosphere has a high oxygen content compared to other planets. Two billion years ago, the Earth's atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide and oxygen poor, similar to the condition of Jupiter today.

If very little oxygen, means the process of ozone formation is very slow, so the density of ozone in the lower stratospheric layer. Thus, ultraviolet radiation can penetrate freely into the biosphere environment, the result will damage or even destroy the remains of life on earth.

But there are different theories. There is a phenomenon that has not been revealed to the light. The theory says, it's ultraviolet radiation, allegedly, has led to the chemical evolution by means of organic materials can occur pioneer life-forming substance.

The theory is like the theory of Harold Urey thought the fruit, that the energy of cosmic radiation and the electrical current of lightning will convert methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor in the atmosphere into building materials of life. Then by Stainley Miller, Harold Urey's theory with experiment diujinya. The result is the formation of amino acids are the basic components of proteins, whereas the protein is the basic substance of life-forming bodies.

Based on this theory and is supported by the poor condition of atmospheric oxygen, can lead to a pioneer life anaerobic (living the life that does not require oxygen from the air outside).

In the span of a very long time, these early life survive in the waters. In the next evolutionary stage, approximately 600 million years ago, anaerobic organisms evolved into many-celled organisms, along with the increase in atmospheric oxygen content to approximately 0.6 percent. Current oxygen content in 20 percent of Earth's atmosphere.

Later on Paleozoik era, life began to occupy the land. Then followed the growing development of plants that encourage increased concentration of oxygen. Stability of oxygen in the atmosphere, animals menumbuhsuburkan high level and eventually start of human life.

If you look back at NASA's findings, could be suspected life on Mars has been extinct since the ecosystem has evolved into a condition that is intolerant of life, the result of the self or from outside such as the deadly radiation.

And did not rule, one can find other evidence along with the development of human exploration to Mars. Not only the form of evidence of past life, but also found the body of pioneer life that would reform the ecosystem.

Even if possible, whether millions or billions of years, the ecosystem of Mars would evolve as it did on Earth, the Earth will eventually have a friend who inhabited planet living things.

Or on the contrary, the life went from Earth to Mars because Earth has been destroyed, due to human activity is damaging Earth's environment. Surely the human race does not want the Earth could no longer habitable, so the owner keep the environment for the preservation of this Earth. Of course we all wished the next generation can live peacefully and comfortably, on Earth or on Mars.

COMPARISON OF MARS AND EARTH

	Property	young Mars	young Earth
	water	There are signs the flow of water	Ocean
	Temperature	> 273 degrees Kelvin	approximately 273 degrees K
	Atmospheric	CO2, N2, H2O	CO2, N2, H2O
		approximately 1 atm> 1 atm	>1 atm
	The period thickness of	4.4-billion-year	4.2 billion years now
	Atmosphere	3.5 billion years (?)
	Life	?	Various kinds of life
			at 3.5 billion years