Friday 30 October 2009

cara MEMBUAT FIREWALL SEDERHANA

Pada dasarnya, ada dua cara untuk membuat firewall:
1. Buka semua, lalu tutup port port yang tidak diijinkan
2. Tutup semua, lalu buka port port yang diperbolehkan.
Cara pertama paling mudah, karena kalau salah setting, paling paling cuman menjadi kurang aman, tetapi sistem tetap jalan.
Cara kedua lebih sulit, karena kadang kadang kita tidak tahu port port apa saja yang perlu dibuka.
Tulisan ini membahas cara kedua.
Agar tidak rumit, tapi aku usahakan untuk disederhanakan sesederhanaaa mungkin, tapi tetap cukup aman.

Firewall untuk komputer pribadi/workstation kita

Komputer workstation kita biasanya kita gunakan untuk mengakses sesuatu atau server yang ada di jaringan atau di iNternet. Jadi, kita membolehkan paket untuk keluar, dan paket yang masuk haruslah hanya jawaban (reply) dari permintaan (request) kita.
Pertama tama, kita tutup dulu INPUT dan FORWARD:
iptables -P INPUT DROP
     iptables -p FORWARD DROP
Lalu kita buka jawaban masuk
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state related, established -j ACCEPT
Setelah selesai, maka seharusnya kita dapat tetap mengakses internet dengan nyaman, namun komputer kita tidak bakal menjawab permintaan dari luar. Kalau mau lebih paranoid, akses ke luar pun kita bisa tutup (iptables -P OUTPUT DROP), lalu kita ijinkan hanya yang kita perbolehkan saja.

Firewall untuk server kita

Komputer server kita biasanya kita gunakan untuk diakses dari luar. Kalau ada akses keluar, perlu dicurigai, apakah itu backdoor :). Jadi, kita membolehkan paket masuk untuk port port yang kita inginkan, dan paket yang keluar haruslah hanya jawaban (reply) dari permintaan (request) dari luar.
Pertama tama, kita tutup dulu INPUT, OUTPUT dan FORWARD:
iptables -P INPUT DROP
     iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
     iptables -p FORWARD DROP
Lalu kita buka akses masu untuk port yang kita inginkan, misalnya, untuk web server:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
Dan kemudian kita buka jawaban dari server kita, misalnya:
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 80 -m state --state related, established -j ACCEPT
Maka webserver kita bisa diakses, tapi:
* Kita tidak bisa mengakses ke luar
* Server kita tidak akan mau menjawab permintaan ke port port yang lain.
Tinggal ditambahkan saja ijin ijin untuk port port yang lain, seperti port 25 untuk mail, port 110 untuk pop-3 dll. Bisa diketik 1 baris per port, atau dengan perulangan for-do.
Sedikit catatan:
Beberapa layanan membutuhkan akses keluar.
Misalnya mail server, agar dapat mengirim e-mail, maka kita harus membuka akses keluar untuk port 25. Begitupun beberapa layanan lain membutuhkan akses akses tertentu. Cara untuk mengetahuinya adalah:
* Matikan firewall
* tcpdump, dan lihat paket paket apa saja yang lewat jika kita mengakses layanan tersebut
* Buka dokumentasi untuk mencocokkannya dengan standard.

seputar VIRUS

Masih ingat dengan virus Aksika? Virus “open source” yang satu itu memang memiliki banyak sekali varian. Tidak heran karena source code-nya memang disedia kan bebas di Internet, jadi siapapun dapat dengan mudah mengubah dan meng-compile source code-nya dan jadilah varian baru.

Berawal dari kemudahan itulah, banyak virus maker ataupun programer pemula mencoba–coba untuk membuat virus tanpa perlu repot. Palingyang dibutuhkan hanyalah pengetahuan seputar operating system dan programming.
Namun kemudahan itu belum seberapa, bila dibandingkan dengan menggunakan program Virus Generator. Dari namanya saja, kita sudah dapat mengira kegunaan dari program tersebut. Ya, Virus Generator merupakan program untuk dapat membuat virus secara mudah dan instan.
Bermula dari sampel sebuah virus yang lumayan banyak dikirimkan oleh pembaca kepada kami. PC Media Antivirus mengenalnya dengan nama Gen.FFE-Fajar, namun antivirus lain ada juga yang menyebutnya dengan nama Brontok.D. Dengan penyelidikan sederhana akhirnya diketahui bahwa virus tersebut dibuat menggunakan VirusGenerator.
Fast Firus Engine (FFE)
Pembuat Generator tersebut menamakan program buatannya itu dengan nama Fast Firus Engine. Seperti yang terlihat pada program ataupun situs pembuatnya, ia memberitahukan bahwa program ini hanya untuk tujuan pembelajaran dan tidak untuk tindakan merusak. Namun tetap saja, bila program ini sudah jatuh ke tangan yang salah, pasti akan digunakan untuk pengrusakan.
Virus Generator ini dibuat menggunakan bahasa Visual Basic dan di-compress menggunakan packer tELock. Dalam paketnya terdapat dua buah file, yakni Fast Firus Engine.exe dan data.ex_. Fast Firus Engine. exe merupakan program utama dalam pembuatan virusnya dan sementara file data.ex_ sebenarnya merupakan badan virus asli yang belum dimodifi kasi.
Saat file Fast Firus Engine.exe dijalankan, maka pengguna akan dihadapkan pada sebuah interface. Anda hanya disuruh mengisikan nama virus, nama pembuat, dan pesan-pesannya. Lalu dengan menekan tombol Generate, maka jadilah virus Anda.
Cara kerja dari Generator tersebut sebenarnya sangat sederhana. Ia hanya menambahkan data yang Anda masukkan tadi ke bagian akhir file virus asli (data.ex_). Nantinya informasi tersebut digunakan oleh virus dalam proses infeksi.
Bagaimana Virus Menginfeksi?
Virus hasil ciptaan FFE memang terlihat sederhana. Sama seperti Generatornya, ia juga dibuat menggunakan bahasa Visual Basic yang di-compile dengan metode Native- Code. Lalu di compress menggunakan tELock agar ukurannya semakin kecil. Virus ini memiliki ukuran tubuh asli sebesar 55.296 bytes.
Saat virus kali pertama dieksekusi, ia akan membuat beberapa file induk di beberapa lokasi. Seperti di direktori \%WINDOWS%\, akan terdapat file dengan nama.exe, Win32 exe, activex.exe, dan %virusname% (nama virus sesuai yang diisikan oleh sang pembuatnya pada Generator). Di \%WINDOWS%\ %system32%\ akan terdapat file copy.pif, _default.pif, dan surif.bin. Selain itu, ia juga mengubah atau membuat file Oeminfo.ini yang merupakan bagian dari System Properties. Jadi apabila komputer Anda terinfeksi oleh virus hasil generate dari FFE, maka pada System Properties akan terdapat tulisan “Generated by Fast Firus Engine”.
Di direktori \%WINDOWS%\%System%\ akan terdapat beberapa file induk lagi yang menggunakan nama yang sama seperti file system milik Windows, seperti csrss.exe, winlogon.exe, lsass.exe, smss.exe, svchost. exe, dan winlogon.exe.
Dan tak lupa, pada root drive pun akan terdapat file dengan nama “baca euy.txt” yang berisikan pesan–pesan dari si pembuat virus. Jadi pada saat membuat virus dengan menggunakan Generator tersebut, maka pembuatnya akan disuguhkan beberapa kotak input, seperti Author of the virus, Name of the virus, dan Messages. Nah, isi dari kotak messages ini yang nantinya ditampilkan pada file “baca euy.txt” tersebut.
Setelah virus berhasil meng-copy-kan file induknya ke dalam sistem tersebut, ia akan menjalankan file induk tadi, sehingga pada memory akan terdapat beberapa process virus, seperti csrss.exe, winlogon.exe, lsass. exe, smss.exe, svchost.exe, dan winlogon.exe. Nama process yang mirip dengan process/services milik Windows tersebut mungkin sengaja untuk mengecoh user. Untuk membedakannya, Anda dapat melihat path atau lokasi process tersebut dijalankan. Process virus ini biasanya berjalan di direktori System sementara process/services milik Windowsyang running biasanya berasal dari direktori System32.
Mengubah Registry
Virus ini menambahkan beberapa item startup pada registry agar pada saat memulai Windows ia dapat running secara otomatis atau untuk mengubah setting-an Windows agar sesuai keinginannya. Informasi mengenai registryyang diubahnya tidak akan dapat dengan mudah kita lihat karena dalam kondisi terenkripsi.
Yang ia ubah adalah seperti nilai dari item Userinit, yakni dengan menambahkan parameter ke file induk. Pada key HKEY_CURRENT_ USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Windows\Loadjuga akan diubah itemnya agar mengarah ke file induknya dengan nama Activex.exe. Pada HKEY_CURRENT_USER \Software\Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\ akan terdapat item baru dengan nama present. Key HKEY_ LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\ akan terdapat item baru juga dengan nama Default dan %username%, username di sini merupakan nama user yang sedang aktif saat itu.
Virus hasil generate dari FFE juga mengubah shell extension untuk file .exe, yakni dengan mengubah type information dari Application menjadi File Folder. Setting-an folder Optionsjuga diubah agar tidak menampilkan extension dan setiap fi le dengan attribut hidden. Dan agar dapat aktif pada safe-mode, ia pun mengubah nilai dari item SafeBoot.
Dengan menggunakan bantuan registry Image File Execution Options, virus ini juga menambahkan item baru pada section tersebut dengan nama cmd.exe, msconfi g.exe, regedit.exe, dan taskmgr.exe. Maksudnya adalah agar setiap user yang mengakses program dengan nama file seperti itu, maka akan di-bypass oleh Windows dan dialihkan ke file induk si virus.
Bagaimana Virus Menyebar?
Virus ini dapat menyebar melalui media penyimpan data seperti flash disk. Saat Anda mencolokkan flash disk pada komputer yang terinfeksi, maka pada flash disk tersebut akan terdapat beberapa file baru, seperti explorer.exe, %virusname%.exe, dan msvbvm60.dll. Juga beberapa file pendukung seperti desktop.ini, autorun.inf agar ia dapat running otomatis pada saat mengakses flash disk tersebut.
File virus lainnya pun disimpan pada direktori baru di flash disk tersebut dengan nama Recycled yang berisikan file Firus.pif dan Folder.htt. Kesemua file virus tersebut dalam kondisi hidden sehingga tidak terlihat.
Virus Beraksi
Untuk dapat bertahan hidup, virus ini pun akan mencoba untuk memblok setiap program yang tidak ia inginkan seperti tools atau program antivirus termasuk PCMAV. Sama seperti halnya data registry yang diubah, data mengenai program apa saja yang diblok olehnya juga terdapat dalam tubuhnya dalam kondisi terenkripsi.
Jadi, saat virus sudah stay di memory, ia akan memonitor setiap program yang diakses oleh user, yakni dengan membaca nama file dan juga caption Window. Beberapa nama file antivirus yang dicoba untuk dibloknya adalah nav.exe, avgcc.exe, njeeves.exe, ccapps.exe, ccapp.exe, kav.exe, nvcoas.exe, avp32.exe, dan masih banyak lagi yang lainnya. Termasuk beberapa program setup atau installer juga tidak dapat dijalankan pada komputer terinfeksi.
Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan
PC Media Antivirus RC19 ini dapat membersihkan komputer terinfeksi secara tuntas dan akurat 100% setiap virus yang dibuat dengan menggunakan Fast Firus Generator. Untuk menghindari aksi blok oleh virus terhadap PCMAV, silakan Anda rename terlebih dahulu file PCMAV misalnya PCMAV-CLN.EXE menjadi MERDEKA.EXE.

Friday 9 October 2009

1. Mars has the largest mountain in the solar system

The mountain is called "Olympus Mons" and a mountain that is not active. 15.5 miles high with a diameter of 372 miles. In comparison, Mount Everest height of about 5 miles. Mars also has the largest gap in our solar system is called "Valles Marineris" with 2500 miles long and 4 miles deep.










 2. People are always thinking about life on Mars because of the existence of the canal was first seen by astronomers

This is why the people always think aliens attack came from here, and not on the planet Jupiter or Venus. In fact, Mars is one planet inhabited difficult because of the freezing temperature, wind sun and almost no atmosphere. Channel seen by astronomers in the early straight-line observation of the experts believed there was water there.




 
 
 
 
 
3. Planet Mars named after the Roman god of war because its color is red in color reminded observers of blood

Planet Mars is red due to the land consisting of iron oxide which we call the rust.
 
4. Compared with the other planets in our solar system, Mars is counted as a small planet

Size of about half the size of planet Earth. Mars has a third of Earth gravity, which means you can jump three times higher than on earth you leap.

5. In the 1970s, the Viking orbiter took the image of something that looks like a giant face image and a pyramid shape on the surface of the planet Cydonia region

The picture looks like the Sphinx in Egypt and has a height of 2000 feet. This discovery makes UFO interested observers, but the researchers stated that they just kikisan or mound of earth. Many people still think that the shape is too symmetrical, and thought it was a proof of the existence of an ancient alien.
 
6. Mars has the most ferocious weather in our solar system

There was a fierce wind storms, dust storms and smaller tornadoes. In 2001, Sagat dust storm covering the entire surface of the planet for a few days according to the earth. Researchers bit confused why the planet with little atmosphere could have a storm like that. They do not know what caused the storm, but there are more storms as the planet Mars is closer to the sun. And at the end of the further part of the orbit, there are clouds made of ice is carbon dioxide and dust. This is also a strange thing to remember Planet Mars

7. Search for life has been done on Mars and search for water

After years of research for any cracks on the surface of the planet as proof of the existence of water, the researchers finally found him. Phoenix Mission found that there are deposits of ice in large numbers under
 
8. Mars has two months, and one of them has a chance to collide with Mars

One month, that Phobos, having a close orbit and endanger the planet Mars. One day, the force gravity will pull it and hit the planet Mars. Fragments will remain in Mars orbit and make a ring like Saturn. In the end, these chips will fall to the surface of Mars. The researchers did not know it would happen sometime, but they predict will happen about 50 years.

9. Only 1 / 3 of all missions to Mars successful

Many missions to Mars just missing that made the researchers think there's something strange happened. They also argue that Mars can be described as "Bermuda Triangle" in our solar system.

What's the Difference EARTH and MARS. . .???

EARTH



We have long lived on Earth. The only planet - from the 9 planets that are members of the solar system - is known to qualify for life, with 66 heavy sextiliun (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 or 10 ^ 21) tons and the volume of 1 trillion cubic kilometer. But to know yourself if you have any further earth?

Here are 10 facts about the Earth that you may never know. May be useful for enhancing your knowledge.

Surface of the Earth
 


1. Earth's surface is more subtle than billiard balls

If the Earth shrunk to the size of a billiard ball, the surface will be smoother than the surface of the billiard balls. Is that right? Let us look further, to the smallest count in mathematics.

First of all, how gentle a billiard ball? A billiard ball diameter is 2.25 inches or about 5.7 cm, and has a tolerance less than 0.005 inch or 0.013 cm. In other words, the ball should not be subjected to a pressure or impact of more than 0.005 inches or 0.013 cm in the highest position. It's really soft. The ratio of the size of a collision than the permitted size of the ball is 0.005 / 2.25 or about 0.002.

Now we compare with the ball Earth. Earth has a diameter of about 12.735 kilometers (on average). Using the smoothness ratio billiard balls on top - or the Earth is considered as a billiard ball - if no collision (mountains) or pressure (of rivers) more than 12.735 miles x 0.00222, or about 28 km on the actual size.

Given the highest point on the Earth's surface is the top of Mount Everest about 8.85 kilometers, and the deepest point is the Marianas Trench about 11 km. The figures are still far within the limits of tolerance, which is 28 km. So the Earth's surface has proven more subtle than a billiard ball.

2. The earth is not round

It is generally known that the Earth is round like a ball since thousands of years ago. Eratosthenes even calculated the circle with great accuracy!

But it was not perfect. Earth rotates on its axis, and as a result the earth became swollen due to centrifugal force, a force that is pushing out your experience when you are riding in a car that turned left suddenly. Because the rotation of Earth, emerged out of a maximum force in Katulistiwa Earth, making the bump out in the area like a basketball Katulistiwanya occupied. This forms a lump called a ball with transverse (oblate spheroid).

If you draw a line from north to south poles of Earth, the Earth is the center line of 12,713.6 km. If you measure the diameter of the equator as the margins, the length is 12,756.2 km, where there is a difference of about 42.6 kilometers. That exceeds the tolerance of billiard balls. So the earth is more gentle than billiard balls, but not sebulatnya, if the size of Earth diminished.

3. Earth drawn here and there

But not finished until pemasalahan there. Earth also has bruised caused by the Sun and the Moon. The sun and the moon has a gravitational pull of Earth. As a result there bump-bump on the surface of the Earth - both on land and at sea - the section closest to the Sun and the Moon. An increase or a lump from the Moon has gravity amplitude (height) with a rough estimate of 1 meter of water - usually called the rise, and probably about 30 cm on the ground. The sun was much larger size than the Moon, but because it is so far the resulting increase of about half of it. This is much smaller when compared with the deviation from the earth's rotation, but will still be there.

4. Earth is not really in line with its geoid

If the Earth has infinite elasticity, and the circumstances that the Earth responds with unlimited any pressure, so the shape becomes a strange and distorted (highly elastic gel-like), that is what is called geoid. For example, if the entire Earth's surface is water completely - if global warming has resulted in very severe - the form will be geoid surface. But the continents are still not tough, so the surface of the Earth is only approximately a geoid.

Measurements are appropriate for the earth's surface are calibrated against the geoid, but the geoid itself is difficult to measure. The best thing we can do now is take the model by using complicated mathematical functions. That is why ESA launched a satellite called GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer) on March 17, then, to directly determine the geoid's shape.

5. Jumped into the holes penetrating into the Earth like trying to orbit into space

We wish to dig a hole through the Earth berkedalaman 13,000 km, and a trip to the center of the Earth. What happened? Whether we can cross the center of the earth and out to the other surfaces?

First of all, you will experience acceleration continuously when pulled toward the center like fall, with a total journey time approximately 20 minutes to get there. But when you are trying to get through the center of Earth to rise to the surface, you will begin to experience a slowing and eventually will fall back to the center. How else would you try to fall, because the gravity center of the earth grew larger when you are farther away from the center, and the acceleration due to gravity decreases when approached. The speed you need to get past the center and up to the surface of the earth is about 7.7 km / sec.

In fact, mathematical calculations similar to control your movements when the orbital objects. The time needed to fall to earth together with the need to return to orbit, if the lines really orbitals at the surface of the Earth (orbit slows as orbital diameters wide). Even the strange, no matter from where you start the hole, a straight line through the Earth from any point to the other points (shortest distance, through the midline of the earth, or from anywhere) lets you time-travel the same, ie 42 minutes or about it.

6. The depth of the earth which affects the heat shrinkage, the surface of the sink, and radioactive decay.

In the past, you, me, and all things on Earth was scattered in a disk around the Sun several billion kilometers. From time to time, all these scattered planetesimals gathered into, such as asteroids, small asteroids, which hit at once, some elongated, larger form. In the end, after this thing is big enough, then the active pull of gravity with the other. Taken together, they release kinetic energy in the form of heat, and the young Earth, which form the molten ball. Presto! A heat source appears. With increasing gravity, the force trying to destroy the Earth to form a more solid ball. As you squeeze a hot object. Presto! The second heat source is created.

Since the Earth is still liquid, heavy material falls into the center and lighter material ejected upward. Earth's core contains so much iron, nickel, osmium, and various other metals. As this material falls, heat is produced, then the potential energy converted into energy of motion, which is then converted into a separate thermal energy.

And some of the heavy elements that are radioactive, like uranium. When the proceeds, releasing heat. The calculation is probably more than half the heat in the planet.

So the Earth gets hot in it because there are at least four sources. And still hot until now because of earth's crust to be a good insulator. Prevent the crust off with efficient heat, even after a 4.55 billion-year period of the earth is still a warm place that is not fun.

Sometimes, the amount of heat that flows out into the Earth's surface from an internal source of approximately 45 trillion Watts. Approximately three times the human energy consumption worldwide. If we can keep all the heat and turn it with 100% efficiency in the form of electrical energy, means literally the energy for all mankind. But unfortunately, it can not be done.

7. Earth has five "months" other.

We all know that the Earth has a moon alone. But do you know there are four other objects, at least, which is very close to Earth in our solar system. They are not really the moon, but much like the moon.

The largest named Cruithne. The distance is about 5 kilometers from Earth, and have elliptical orbits that are, at some point in the inside and outside the Earth orbits the sun. Cruithne is the orbital period around the Earth orbital period, and because the strangeness of this orbit, so he is always on the same side of Earth from the Sun. From our perspective, it makes an orbit of a strange, sometimes closer, sometimes farther from Earth, but never really far away.

That's why some people say this thing as a "month" Earth. But Cruithne actually orbits the sun, so that is not the moon of Earth. Just like the three other objects found. But "the months" would not harm the Earth, even though they are close to Earth, but their orbits do not physically cross it. So the Earth remains safe from them.

8. Earth will become a giant

We may still be safe from collision Cruithne, but space is still littered with many ruins, and the fact that the Earth cuts a wide area of about 125 million square kilometers. As we navigate this material, we collect an average of 20-40 tons of material per day! Most of them form dust particles so small that burned down in the Earth's atmosphere, such as what is called a meteor. Meteorite fragments eventually falling to the ground after being taken by the rain and buried, and the river washed into the ocean then.

40 tons per day may sound like a lot, but it only 0.000000000000000000000002% or 2 × 10 ^ -23 times the mass of the earth. In other words takes about 140,000 million trillion years to double the mass of the Earth, the material in one year was enough cosmic junk to fill a full six-storey building.

For the record Earth also loses its mass, because the atmosphere through leakage caused many different processes. Although still far slower than the increase in mass accumulation, so the effect remains will double its mass.

9. Mount Everest is not the biggest mountian

Height of a mountain probably has an actual definition, but it would be more appropriate when measured from the bottom to the top spot kulminasinya. Mount Everest stretches 8850 meters above sea level, but that from the point first to the general limitations of the Himalayas. Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii, 10,314 feet from end to end, although only reaching 4205 meters above sea level, but a bigger mountain than Everest.

10. Not easy to destroy the Earth

Maybe you've heard about the destruction of Earth's path, but actually it is not easy to destroy the Earth.

We take the example of action by evaporation of the destruction of the planet. Preview evaporation as the Earth blowing hard, are scattered and can not be returned even if there is gravity. How much energy is required, if it be done?

Suppose we take a stone. Throw in a strong upward into the sky so that apart from the Earth. And it will take a lot of energy! Now do continue, once again, kept repeating itself, around 10 ^ 15 times, until the entire Earth down. It takes so much energy! But there are advantages, every stone that we release will reduce the bit gravity of Earth - because the mass of Earth will shrink a rock mass. When gravity is reduced, meaning it would be easier to throw the next stone into space.

Mathematical calculations to calculate how much energy it takes to throw a stone at the same time, included the decline in Earth's gravity. If you make some basic assumptions, the energy required is roughly 2 x 1032 Joules, or 200 million trillion trillion Joules. Quite a lot. In comparison, the number was equal to the total amount of energy emitted by the Sun during the week. This is also comparable to the trillions of times the energy of destruction of all existing nuclear weapons on Earth.

If you want to vaporize the Earth with nuclear weapons, and blow up a number of all existing nuclear Earth in every one second, then takes 160,000 years to turn the Earth into a gas. And that if you only consider the factor of gravity alone! And there chemical bond energy in the earth, which is tied to each other between the material, so it will take another energy.

Even major clashes can not vaporize the planet. A Mars-sized object hit the Earth more than 45 billion years ago, and the remains then are fabricated and formed the moon, but the Earth still does not evaporate. Even hitting a whole planet to the other planets will not destroy it! Of course, the collision of the Earth will melt into the core, so that damage does occur. But the earth remains.

Even if the sun will become a red giant, but still not be able to swallow the Earth, would only be harmful to humans. But the total evaporation will not occur. Because the planets tend to survive, and will remain a safe place to live
 
MARS
 

 

Map of Mars was first made by two German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann Madler in the year 1840. Then in 1924, Lick Observatory, Lowell and create a more perfect map and color.

The existence of data completeness interesting pictures, sparked a desire to conduct further exploration, especially related to life in this red planet. In addition, compared with the other planets in this solar system, Mars is more to show the existence of chemical evolution and origin of life.

Mars, fourth planet from the sun is much less than half of the Earth (6790 kilometers in diameter), when compared with the Earth's there are some similarities. A number of similarities that make the scientists speculate about the possibility of life on Mars.

Some similarities had been raised by the 1986 CP McKay in his writing titled Exobiology and Future Mars Mission (See Table).

Surface of the Mars
 


1. Microorganisms

In a symposium that discuss planetary biology and origins of life which was held in Washington in 1992, experts have launched five to Mars exploration strategy following the investigation has been done and that development is more clear and focused.

The five strategies are the first to use remote sensing spacecraft to get a detailed image. The second landing mission on Mars.

Spacecraft Mariner 4 unmanned spacecraft is owned by the United States first landed on Mars in 1965.

The third strategy, identify the organic material (a material containing elements making up the organism), detects the presence of fossils, and observed the remnants of life.

Fourth, carrying research materials from Mars to Earth to examine its contents, as it has done through the Viking missions I and II.

From the results of soil samples, with radioactive carbon 14 to detect the metabolic activity of organisms, there were no signs of biological and chemical processes that support the existence of life.

Next year 1997, NASA will conduct more exploration to Mars to collect samples from Mars in order to repeat the examination more accurate.

The fifth strategy, human exploration to the surface of Mars with the aim of determining geological properties to conclude in detail. The fifth strategy is useful to determine the steps further exploration and to create a spectacular dream, a living environment suitable for habitation such as the current condition of the Earth, at age 22.

In 1994, NASA found the stone meteorites that fell to Earth about 13,000 years ago in the Antarctic area which allegedly came from Mars, because it has characteristics such as chemical composition on the Red Planet.

Stone meteorite have been studied at the NASA Johnson Space Center, the results showed any signs of life remains a pioneer, in the form of fossil microorganisms was about 3.6 billion years ago (Kompas, August 9, 1996).

2. Ecosystem evolution

The findings of fossil remains of life that can reveal a lot of the origins of life on Mars and comparisons as well as the origin place of living and life on Earth.

As the third planet in the solar system, Earth's atmosphere has a high oxygen content compared to other planets. Two billion years ago, the Earth's atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide and oxygen poor, similar to the condition of Jupiter today.

If very little oxygen, means the process of ozone formation is very slow, so the density of ozone in the lower stratospheric layer. Thus, ultraviolet radiation can penetrate freely into the biosphere environment, the result will damage or even destroy the remains of life on earth.

But there are different theories. There is a phenomenon that has not been revealed to the light. The theory says, it's ultraviolet radiation, allegedly, has led to the chemical evolution by means of organic materials can occur pioneer life-forming substance.

The theory is like the theory of Harold Urey thought the fruit, that the energy of cosmic radiation and the electrical current of lightning will convert methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor in the atmosphere into building materials of life. Then by Stainley Miller, Harold Urey's theory with experiment diujinya. The result is the formation of amino acids are the basic components of proteins, whereas the protein is the basic substance of life-forming bodies.

Based on this theory and is supported by the poor condition of atmospheric oxygen, can lead to a pioneer life anaerobic (living the life that does not require oxygen from the air outside).

In the span of a very long time, these early life survive in the waters. In the next evolutionary stage, approximately 600 million years ago, anaerobic organisms evolved into many-celled organisms, along with the increase in atmospheric oxygen content to approximately 0.6 percent. Current oxygen content in 20 percent of Earth's atmosphere.

Later on Paleozoik era, life began to occupy the land. Then followed the growing development of plants that encourage increased concentration of oxygen. Stability of oxygen in the atmosphere, animals menumbuhsuburkan high level and eventually start of human life.

If you look back at NASA's findings, could be suspected life on Mars has been extinct since the ecosystem has evolved into a condition that is intolerant of life, the result of the self or from outside such as the deadly radiation.

And did not rule, one can find other evidence along with the development of human exploration to Mars. Not only the form of evidence of past life, but also found the body of pioneer life that would reform the ecosystem.

Even if possible, whether millions or billions of years, the ecosystem of Mars would evolve as it did on Earth, the Earth will eventually have a friend who inhabited planet living things.

Or on the contrary, the life went from Earth to Mars because Earth has been destroyed, due to human activity is damaging Earth's environment. Surely the human race does not want the Earth could no longer habitable, so the owner keep the environment for the preservation of this Earth. Of course we all wished the next generation can live peacefully and comfortably, on Earth or on Mars.

COMPARISON OF MARS AND EARTH



Property young Mars young Earth

water There are signs the flow of water

 
Ocean

Temperature > 273 degrees Kelvin approximately 273 degrees K

Atmospheric CO2, N2, H2O CO2, N2, H2O


approximately 1 atm> 1 atm >1 atm

The period thickness of 4.4-billion-year 4.2 billion years now

Atmosphere 3.5 billion years (?)  

Life ? Various kinds of life



at 3.5 billion years

Resurrection . . .



Prevent global warming, so we can stay on earth much longer.
Let's wake up and your own consciousness each

What is Global Warming . . . ? ? ?

Global Warming. Yes .. that means global warming global warming by us (even though global warming should be interpreted). The condition of the earth's hot because the sun trapped in the earth as a result of rising levels of CO2 in the air (greenhouse effect). That's about to catch my understanding Global Warming.

Increased levels of CO2 itself caused increased fossil fuel consumption. Fossil fuel is a fuel derived from plant or animal fossils. Which include fossil fuel such as petroleum and coal. Besides decreasing the amount of forest in the world also contributed to the increased levels of CO2 as the forests play a role in changing the CO2 into O2.

Many adverse effects of global warming due to this. The impact of what happened is a efekdomino.

Because increased levels of CO2 trapped the sun's heat in the earth, causing the air temperature is increasing. Because of the heat, the temperature of sea water becomes warmer. This causes the dead marine biota. Sea water temperature is increased to make ice at both poles melt. Perennial ice in the mountain peaks are also melting. Melting ice is making sea levels rise, we are increasingly lost alias.

Temperature heat also makes the high evaporation rate. Not only at sea but also on land. Then there was drought. Levels of high water vapor in the atmosphere increases the potential for storms. As the storm over the warm waters he was going larger and larger. In sum will be greater storms and more frequent.

The trees will die because of heat and drought. Thus the earth less and less able to turn CO2 into O2. Global warming will be going on. Be Global Hotting!

What shall we do? Ask yourself!

Gambaran Umum Global Warming, Efek Dan Cara Untuk Mencegah Pemanasan Global Dunia



Kita semua sama2 tahu bahwa pemanasan global sedang terjadi. IPCC melaporakan penelitiannya bahwa 0,15 - 0,3o C. Jika peningkatan suhu itu terus berlanjut, diperkirakan pada tahun 2040 (33 tahun dari sekarang) lapisan es di kutub-kutub bumi akan habis meleleh.


Dan jika bumi masih terus memanas, pada tahun 2050 akan terjadi kekurangan air tawar, sehingga kelaparan pun akan meluas di seantero jagat.


Udara akan sangat panas, jutaan orang berebut air dan makanan. Napas tersengal oleh asap dan debu. Rumah-rumah di pesisir terendam air laut. Luapan air laut makin lama makin luas, sehingga akhirnya menelan seluruh pulau. Harta benda akan lenyap, begitu pula nyawa manusia.


 Hasil studi yang dilakukan ilmuwan di Pusat Pengembangan Kawasan Pesisir dan Laut, Institut Teknologi Bandung (2007), pun tak kalah mengerikan. Ternyata, permukaan air laut Teluk Jakarta meningkat setinggi 0,8 cm. Jika suhu bumi terus meningkat, maka diperkirakan, pada tahun 2050 daera-daerah di Jakarta (seperti : Kosambi, Penjaringan, dan Cilincing) dan Bekasi (seperti : Muaragembong, Babelan, dan Tarumajaya) akan terendam semuanya.
Yah,,,kita semua sudah mengetahui itu… dan sebagian orang tetap mencoba untuk memberitahukan bahwa kejadian ini benar-benar sedang terjadi… namun tetap tidak sedikit orang yang masih tidak peduli. Mungkin karena kita masih merasa nyaman dengan keadaan sekarang…bisa menikamti semuanya mulai dari makanan, air, udara, daratan yang sukup untuk bermain bola, social yang masih cukup damai, dll…
Yah…itu saat ini…lalu bagaimana jika 10 tahun lagi, atau 20 tahun, atau sampai 30 tahun lagi. Saya tahu tidak akan terjadi perubahan yang signifikan saat ini karena kita semua masih menganggap ini hal yang biasa, tapi saya akan menjadi manusia yang sangat bodoh jika saya tidak terus mencoba untuk menginformasikan ini.
Lalu apa yang bisa kita lakukan?
Ada beberapa cara mudah yang bias kita lakukan, yaitu ;


1. Matikan listrik. (jika tidak digunakan, jangan tinggalkan alat elektronik dalam keadaan standby. Cabut charger telp. genggam dari stop kontak. Meski listrik tak mengeluarkan emisi karbon, pembangkit listrik PLN menggunakan bahan baker fosil penyumbang besar emisi).




2. Ganti bohlam lampu (ke jenis CFL, sesuai daya listrik. Meski harganya agak mahal, lampu ini lebih hemat listrik dan awet).



3. Bersihkan lampu (debu bisa mengurangi tingkat penerangan hingga 5%).

4. Jika terpaksa memakai AC (tutup pintu dan jendela selama AC menyala. Atur suhu sejuk secukupnya, sekitar 21-24o C).

5. Gunakan timer (untuk AC, microwave, oven, magic jar, dll).

6. Alihkan panas limbah mesin AC untuk mengoperasikan water-heater.


7. Tanam pohon di lingkungan sekitar Anda.






8. Jemur pakaian di luar. Angin dan panas matahari lebih baik ketimbang memakai mesin (dryer) yang banyak mengeluarkan emisi karbon.


9. Gunakan kendaraan umum (untuk mengurangi polusi udara).





10. Hemat penggunaan kertas (bahan bakunya berasal dari kayu).

11. Say no to plastic. Hampir semua sampah plastic menghasilkan gas berbahaya ketika dibakar. Atau Anda juga dapat membantu mengumpulkannya untuk didaur ulang kembali.

12. Sebarkan berita ini kepada orang-orang di sekitar Anda, agar mereka turut berperan serta dalam menyelamatkan bumi.

Dan saya yakin anda cukup pintar untuk menanggapinya….makasih
Bumi_cool-love_earth

Mencegah Pemanasan Global

Pemanasan Global adalah suatu kejadian naiknya suhu atmosfir bumi dan lautan secara terus-menerus akibat beberapa hal seperti polusi yang dihasilkan kendaraan bermotor setiap harinya dan efek rumah kaca. Salah satu sebab yang ditimbulkan dari terjadinya pemanasan global secara terus menerus adalah pergantian musim yang ekstrim dan tidak biasa, seperti misalnya musim kering yang amat berkepanjangan dan lain sebagainya. Ada beberapa hal yang bisa kita lakukan untuk mencegah pemanasan global diantaranya adalah:

Mengurangi frekuensi pemakaian kendaraan bermotor yang sifatnya perorangan, coba deh pake angkutan yang sifatnya masal seperti bis, angkot, atau kalo jarak kantor / tempat kuliah dekat dari rumah mendingan jalan kaki atau naek sepeda aja, selain hemat ongkos juga kan bisa bikin sehat tuh (=

Ganti lampu pijar biasa dengan lampu CFL (Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs) yang lebih hemat energi, usaha kita menghemat energi berarti mengurangi jumlah energi yang harus disediakan PLN setiap harinya, yang berarti mengurangi juga aktifitas yang dilakukan PLN untuk menyediakan energi, seperti misalnya jika pembangkit listrik yang digunakan PLN menggunakan mesin diesel yang berbahan bakar solar maka otomatis karena beban listrik yang harus disediakan PLN berkurang jadi aktifitas mesin diesel itu pun sedikit, maka berkurang pulalah polusi yang dihasilkannya. Jadi tidak benar itu istilah "Hemat energi, PLN rugi"..huheheee..

Menanam pohon di pekarangan rumah, taukah kalian bahwa satu buah pohon bisa menyerap 1 ton karbon dioksida sepanjang hidupnya..hmmm..pokoknya banyak-banyak nanem pohon deh..kan enak juga diliatnya..selain asri juga bikin sueejukk..

Langkah-langkah Kecil Pencegahan Global Warming

Nih bole dicoba (langkah2 kecil):
1. Setiap kali mandi pakai shower, bukan gayung lagi. Hemat air jg mencegah pemanasan.
2. Ganti lampu dengan bohlam neon
3. Hemat listrik dengan mematikan lampu yang tidak dipakai (ikutin juga aja program pemerintah yang matikan 3 lampu dari jam17-22)
4. Biasakan buang sampah pada tempatnya
5. Memakai kendaraan umum
6. Walaupun dengan kendaraan pribadi ya menggunakan BBM hemat energi dan kalau bisa temen2nya ditebengin juga, biar mereka tidak memakai kendaraan pribadinya
7. Tumbuhkan kesadaran akan pentingnya tanaman. Dapat dimulai dengan membeli tanaman hias untuk dirawat yang akhirnya (moga2) kita sendiri akan membuat taman didepan / belakang / di loteng (tempat jemuran) rumah kita untuk menanam pohon.
8. Kurangi sampah plastik. Contohnya, kalau beli sedikit barang, cukup kita pegang saja tanpa perlu dimasukkan ke plastik. Misalnya beli permen satu bungkus tidak perlu sampai meminta kantong kresek, langsung dimasukkan ke kantong kan lebih praktis...
9. Kurangi merokok.. asep n baunya itu lho... kemana2 dan tentunya merugikan orang lain...
10. Membuang air jgn sembarangan, jgn asal siram, kalau bisa siramlah ke tanaman terdekat Anda...

Year 2012 the Earth Will be Destroyed Again



In the dating system in the Nation Calendar Maya / Mayan Calendar reply is the most accurate calendar until now-been here on earth. (The calculation of Mayan Calendar 3113 BC to 2012 AD), they (Maya Nation) stated in 2012, precisely on December 21, 2012, is the "End of Times". The purpose of the "End of Times" itself is still debated by scientists, and archaeologists.
 Some claimed that the intention is:

1. The shut down time (the earth stops spinning)
2. The transition from the Age of Pisces to Aquarius
3. The transition from Silver Age to the Age of gold
4. End of Times = End of the World as we know it
5. There will be a great galactic Wave, who dismissed all the activities on this earth, including human extinction
6. Changes of dimension 3 to dimension 4, even 5
7. Human life increased from 3-dimensional level, to 4, human DNA strains increased from 2 to 12, so that people can use telepathy telekinesis even
8. Some said it will not happen
9. Some claimed the time was not going to apply, so time is not linear, but it could change, according to the time that we experience, because the invention of time machines
10. Finding a time machine and stargate
11. Humans are able to transport to another Galaxi, through the stargate
12. The rise of messiah, who will save mankind from destruction
13. The resurrection of Jesus AS / Jesus
14. First Contact was first human civilizations with the Alien / UFO
15. Humans join the community Galaxi between the first time, humans = galaxy being

In the Mayan calendar is very famous, predicted that in the 1992-2012 period the earth will be "purified", then human civilization will end this now and start entering a new civilization.

In the history of the ancient civilizations of the world, known Mayan knowledge of astronomy and in-depth special, perfect dating system, a complex astronomical calculations and methods of high abstract thinking. Perfection and accuracy of the penanggalannya make people wonder.

Mysterious group of people who are living in the south of Mexico right now (Yucatan) Guetemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. Lots pyramid, temples and ancient buildings built by the Maya who still can be found there. Many stones are also sculptures and mysterious writings on the tables they left.

The archaeologists believe that the Maya had a great civilization. It can be seen from the legacy like his books, stone tables and the stories are mystical. But unfortunately their books in the library Maya everything was burned by Spanish soldiers when he attacked after year 1517. Only a few writings on the tables and some calendar system remains confusing until now.

An American historian, Dr. Jose Arguelles devoted himself to studying the civilization of this nation. He explore Mayan prophecy that was built on the foundation that created the calendar that, where such predictions are just like the way the calculation of China, Zhou Yi style. Calendar, an outline describing celestial law cycle and its relation to human change.

In the work of Arguelles, The Mayan Factor: Path Beyong Technology, published by Bear & Company in 1973, mentioned in the Mayan calendar system of galaxies noted that our solar system are experiencing 'The Great Cycle' (big cycle) the term of five thousand two hundred years more . Time from 3113 BC to 2012 AD In this great cycle, the solar system and the earth was moving through a galaxy light (Galatic Beam) derived from the galaxy nucleus. Horizontal beam diameter is 5125 years old is the earth. In other words, if the earth through the light and it will take 5125 years.

Maya people believed that all celestial bodies in the galaxy after experiencing a reaction from the galaxy light in this great cycle, there will be total change. Maya people call it, aligning the galaxy (Galatic Synchronization). This major cycle is divided into 13 stages, each stage of evolution also have very detailed records. Arguelles in his book that uses lots of diagrams to tell the condition at each stage of evolution. Then each phase was subdivided into 20 days of evolution. Every time it would take 20 years.

From the 20-year period between the years 1992-2012, the world we have entered the final stage of the phase of the Great Cycle, the Mayans considered it an important period before the pre-Galatic Synchronization, they call it: The Earth Generetion Priod (Earth Regeneration Period). During this period the earth will reach a total purification. After that, the earth we will leave the galaxy and the reach of light entering a new phase: alignment of galaxies.

On December 21, 2012 will be the end of the day civilization of mankind this time, the Mayan calendar calculations. After that, mankind will enter a new civilization of the total that have nothing to do with civilization today. On that day, exactly winter arrived, the sun will be joined again with the cross point formed by Ecliptic (path of the sun) with the equator of the total. At that moment, the sun was right in the middle of the system through the galaxy, or in other words galaxies located above the earth, like opening a "Door of Heaven" just for humans.

Began in 1992, the Earth into what the Mayans called 'Earth Regeneration Period ". In this period, the Earth is purified, including the human heart, (this is almost like a prophecy of the North-American Indians against the people today), substances that are not good will removed, and the substance is good and right will be preserved, eventually aligned with the galaxy (the universe), this is a mystery outcrop of movement of our galaxy systems are shown by the Mayans.

Since 1992 till 2012, what happened "purification" and how did happen "regeneration" of our planet, not mentioned in detail by the Mayans. In their predictions did not mention anything about what concrete things that give the human spirit to rise from the consciousness and how the earth has permurnian, abandoned by them to their grandchildren (perhaps not recorded). Then, the new phenomenon of what we can see since 1992 until now we can associate with the Mayan prediction that civilized?

Maybe it was arranged, that the Mayan calendar is not lost and the history of mankind, and should be described with the code by humans now. But he still had to be seen whether humanity is fascinated by the conception that is formed after birth can penetrate the boundaries to remind and understand the truth that transcends our knowledge system.

In fact, when viewed from several studies that have been done today. Indeed in some two decades, the earth is experiencing a reversal of the cycle, called the polar magnetism.

Magnet pole reversal is a process that occurs at the north pole and south pole positions exchanged. When this happens, for a moment the earth's magnetic field reaches zero Gauss, which means the earth at that time has zero magnetism. When this occurs in conjunction with the annual eleven perbalikan polar orbits the sun, big problems will occur.

According to computer calculations Hyderabad, a polar reversal of Earth and the sun can cause major problems other than electronic does not work properly, migrating birds lose the bow, and various kinds:

1. Body's immune system, including all animals and humans would be much weaker.
2. The outer layer of the earth will experience increase volcanoes, tectonic movements, earthquakes, and landslides.
3. Earth's magnetic field becomes weaker and the radiation of the universe comes from the sun increases twofold cause radiation hazards like cancer and so can not be avoided
4. Celestial bodies will be drawn into the Earth
5. Earth's gravity will change, although not known how he would change.

If you add all the disaster scenarios that may happen, you can easily tell with this simple sentence, the Earth will be a place that does not fit to live in human civilization in 2012 or those who live near the outer layer of the earth. This may occur on Mars millions of years ago.

It may be true of what is said about the destruction of the Maya Nation perdaban humans in the next 2012 years, it certainly can be seen from the human nature of today's how the moral, the behavior has been very down and natural-not even seem more friendly to us.


In Indonesia alone an astrologer says, "later in the year 2012 the population was living in Indonesia 40%". Then when asked what it was, he said, "that in a major catastrophe will hit Earth Globally, probably in every country will leave only 30% -40% life to rebuild a new life".

A similar prediction expressed by some monk in Tibet, known for his mastery of clairvoyance is very good. They said at the beginning of the year 2012 is the most exciting years for mankind on Earth, where at the beginning of the year, some strange phenomena will be more popping up. But in closing, the Monk says the Earth will be saved by a large force to protect them invisible, allowing human civilization is not completely destroyed.

In the past 10 years Master Li Hongzhi teaches prisip universe characters "Zhen-Shan-Ren" (truthfulness-Fine-Tolerance) that effect to purify the human heart and nature. In a short time trainee and soul cultivation this has already surpassed the 200 million people, spread over in 60 countries. Through the continuous cultivation of this exercise can replace menyapai purpose cells of the human body with high energy content by increasing human moral character in accordance with the universe.


No one can predict exactly when the end came. But on the other hand, there will be a civilization that regenarasi predicted the People Nation ditahun Maya 2012. This is not a destruction of the universe as a whole (so can not really mean the end), may eventually bite the men who was saved from disaster to rebuild a new civilization pillar better and more moral than we are.

Monday 5 October 2009

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CARA MEMFORMAT ULANG HARDDISK dan Menginstall Ulang OS Windows atau Linux pada Komputer PC / Laptop

A. Step and Repeat Step Hard Disk Format

1. Back up / bekap your important files on your hard drive because the format will erase all existing files on your hard drive. If you have a cd-rw drive or dvd-rw drive can burn your files into a cd or dvd. Another way is to flash backup disks, floppy disks, zip disks, move the files to a network lan network or the Internet on a computer or other servers and others.

2. After the next backup is to create a windows boot disk / rescue disk in the floppy diskette 1.4 MB. It aims to floppy boot disks directly to your hard drive is not over. Term you will use microsoft os dos existing on the disk that you created.

3. Change Bios Settings
When you turned on your computer should look straight into the bios to set boot order options. How new computer turned on when you press and hold the delete button until the bios appear on your computer screen. Change the boot sequence with the first sequence a floppy disk.

4. Format Hard Disk
After bios changed and you insert disks disave then restart your computer. Later your computer will automatically boot from the floppy disk and select the boot without cd-rom that can boot more quickly. Once entered into the command prompt a: \ type format c: and press enter. Adapted to the amount of your existing partitions. If you have 3 partitions plus the fruit is the format command d: and format e:. Tips and how to partition the hard disk you can probably find the search box on the left page of this article. If the format has been named selsesai drive your taste. If all goes well settled and then re-formatting process is complete. Now your hard drive to be like new again.

B. Step and Repeat Step Install Windows and Linux OS

1. Install Windows 98 / 2000 / ME / XP / Vista / Linux
The first step in re mengistall computer operating system on your pc or laptop is to reboot your disk and select cd-rom support devices. After the exit command prompt and then you enter your os installation cd match your tastes. Then search for cd-rom drive or dvd-rom you by typing d: or e: and so forth based on location or dvd drive cd rom you. Once you see and then locate the file setup.exe with the command cdnama folfer to enter into folders. Command cd .. to back one folder level. or dir command dir / w or dir / p to see the list of available files in that folder. If you've met then run setup.exe or install.exe by typing the name of the file and press the enter key once. The next step you just follow the instructions on the installation cd or dvd os.

2. Setting the Boot setting in the Bios
After re-install windows or linux is finished, then remove the floppy disk you flopyy 1.4 and went back to the bios menu after restarting again. Select the IDE-0 as the first boot. You are setting a floppy can be booted both and cd-rom to boot the third. You are free to decide according to your desire. After the restart replay.

3. Install Drivers and Software
If you've made it into the display windows or linux first, then you nginstall drivers for sound cards, printers, scanners, data cable, and so on according to the existing hardware. You must seek and have their own drivers. Each type of computer has a different driver. Usually you will be given driver cd when you buy a computer or other hardware. Without the drivers the equipment connected to a laptop or pc computer can not run properly.

LANGKAH - LANGKAH MERAKIT KOMPUTER

Preparation

Good preparation will facilitate the assembly of computers and avoid possible problems related timbul.Hal in preparation include:

    1. Computer Configuration Determination
    2. Kompunen preparation and equipment
    3. Security

Computer Configuration Determination

Computer configuration relates to the determination of the components and features of the computer and how all components can work as a computer system component kita.Penentuan suit starts from processor type, motherboard and other components. Factors suitability or compatibility of the components of the motherboard should be noted, because each type of motherboard supports the processor type, memory modules, ports and I / O bus different.

Preparation Components and Equipment

Computer components and assembly equipment to be prepared for the assembly prepared in advance to facilitate assembly. Equipment is prepared consisting of:

     * Components of computer
     * Completeness components such as cables, screws, jumpers, bolts and so on
     * Books and reference manuals from component
     * Aids in the form of a flat screwdriver and philips

Operating system software, device drivers and application programs.



The book takes as a reference manual for the position of the diagram mengatahui connection elements (connectors, ports and slots) and element configuration (jumpers and switches) and how to set jumpers and switches are suitable for computer software dirakit.Diskette or CDs needed to install the Operating System, device drivers from the device, and application programs on a computer that is assembled.

Security

Necessary precautions to avoid problems such as damage to components by static electrical charges, falls, excessive heat or damage due to spillage cairan.Pencegahan static electricity by:

     * Use anti-static wrist or touch the metal surface on the chassis before handling components to remove static charge.
     * No direct touching electronic components, connectors or circuit path but holding on metal or plastic bodies found in the component.



Assembly

Stage of the process on a computer assembly consists of:

    1. Preparation motherboard
    2. Installing processor
    3. Installing heatsink
    4. Installing Memory Modules
    5. install the motherboard on the chassis
    6. Install Power Supply
    7. Install the motherboard and chassis cable
    8. Install Drive
    9. Install the adapter card
   10. Final Settlement

  1. Preparation motherboard

Check your motherboard manual to find out the position of jumpers for CPU speed setting, speed multiplier and input voltage to the motherboard. Set the jumper setting according to the instructions, set the jumpers wrong voltage can damage the processor.



2. Installing processor

Easier processor motherboards occupy placed before casing. How to install the processor socket and the slot type socket berbeda.Jenis

    1. Determine the position of pin 1 on the processor and the processor socket on the motherboard, usually located on the corner marked with a dot, triangle or curve.
    2. Straighten locking lever position to open the socket.
    3. Insert the processor into the socket by aligning the position of first legs with holes processor socket. Squeeze until there is no gap between the processor with the socket.
    4. Lower the locking lever back.



Slot Type

    1. Install buffer (bracket) at the two ends of a slot on the motherboard so that the peg hole position met with a hole in the motherboard
    2. Enter the pegs and locking pin in the hole peg

Processor card tucked in between the brace and press to the right into the hole slot.



 

3. Install Heatsink

Heatsinks function is to remove the heat generated by the processor through the conduction of heat from the processor to optimize the transfer of heat heatsink.Untuk the heatsink must be fitted tightly on the top of the processor with a clip as a drag while the contacts on the heatsink surface coated conductor panas.Bila gene equipped with a fan heatsink then the fan power connector is connected to the fan connector on the motherboard.



 

4. Installing Memory Modules

Memory modules are installed sequentially from the smallest socket number. The order of installation can be seen from the diagram motherboard.Setiap types of memory modules SIMMs, DIMM and RIMM can be distinguished by the position of grooves on the sides and bottom of the modul.Cara install for each type of memory module as follows.

Type SIMMs

    1. Adjust the position of grooves on the module with the bumps in the slot.
    2. Insert the module with a sloping 45-degree angle to the slot
    3. Push the module straight up in the slot, the locking lever on the slot will automatically lock the module.



 



Types DIMM and RIMM

How to install the DIMM and RIMM modules together and there is only one way that will not be reversed because there are two grooves as a guide. DIMM and RIMM difference in the position of the curve

    1. Lay locking catches on the end slot
    2. adjust the position of the curve on the connector module with bumps in the slot. and enter the module into the slot.
    3. Hook lock automatically locks the module in the slot when the module is just installed.

 





   5. Install the motherboard to the chassis

Motherboard mounted to the chassis with screws and seat (standoff). How to install as follows:

    1. Determine the position of the hole for each holder of plastic and metal. Mounting holes for the metal (metal spacer) are marked with a ring on the edge of the hole.
    2. Install metal or plastic holder on the tray casing in accordance with the position of each corresponding mounting hole on the motherboard.
    3. Place the motherboard on the tray so that the head holder casing out of the hole on the motherboard. Place the lock screw on each metal holder.
    4. Place the frame port I / O (I / O sheild) on the motherboard if any.
    5. Place the tray casing which is mounted on the chassis and motherboard with a screw lock.

  



   6. Install Power Supply

Several types of chassis is equipped with power supply. When the power supply has not included the way the installation as follows:

    1. Enter the power supply on the shelf at the back of the casing. Connect the four locking screws.
    2. Connect the power connector from the power supply to the motherboard. ATX power connector types have only one way of installation so as not to be reversed. For non-ATX type connectors with two separate cables then black ground must be placed side by side and mounted in the middle of the motherboard power connector. Connect the power cord for the fan, if you use the fan for cooling the CPU.



7. Install the motherboard and chassis cable

After the motherboard installed in the chassis next step is to install the cable I / O on the motherboard and the casing panels.

    1. Connect the data cable for the floppy drive controller on a floppy connector on the motherboard
    2. Connect the IDE cable connector to the primary and secondary IDE on the motherboard.
    3. For non-ATX motherboard. Connect the serial cable and parallel port on the connector on the motherboard. Note the position of pin 1 to install.
    4. On the back of the casing there is a hole to install an additional port types of non-slot. Open the lock plate screw holes covered lalumasukkan port to port connectors installed and put screws back.
    5. When the mouse port not available at the back of the card casing mouse connectors must be installed and connected to the mouse connector on the motherboard.
    6. The relationship connector cable from the switch on the chassis front panel, LED, internal speakers and ports that were installed in front of the casing when the motherboard. Check your motherboard diagram to locate the right connectors.







 

8. Install Drive

The procedure to install the hard disk drive, floppy, CD ROM, CD-RW or DVD is the same as follows:

    1. Pellet dislodged drive bay cover (space to drive on the casing)
    2. Enter from the front drive bays with the first set the jumper settings (as master or slave) on the drive.
    3. Adjust the position of screw holes in the drive and chassis and then install the drive retaining screws.
    4. Connect the IDE cable connector to the drive and the connector on the motherboard (the connector is used first primary)
    5. 1 samapai Repeat step 4 for each installation drive.
    6. If the IDE cable connected to the du drive jumper settings make sure that the difference of the two first drive set as master and the other as slave.
    7. Secondary IDE connector on the motherboard can be used to connect two additional drives.
    8. Floppy drive is connected to a special connector on the motherboard floppy

Connect the power cable from the power supply to each drive.



9. Install Card Adapter

A common adapter card is installed video card, sound, network, modem and SCSI adapters. Video card should generally be installed and installed before any other adapter card. How to install the adapter:

    1. Hold the edge of the adapter card, avoid touching the electronic components or circuits. Press the card to plug right into the expansion slot on the motherboard
    2. Place the retaining screw to the chassis card
    3. Reconnect the internal cable to the card, if any.



10. Penyelessaian End

    1. Replace the chassis cover by sliding
    2. connect the cable from the power supply into the wall socket.
    3. Connect the monitor to the video card port.
    4. Connect the phone cable into the modem port if any.
    5. Connect the keyboard cable connector and plug the mouse into the mouse port or serial poert (depending on the type of mouse).
    6. Connect other external devices such as speakers, joystick, and microphone if there is to the appropriate port. Check the manual of the adapter cards to ensure the port location.

 



Testing

The new computer is assembled can be tested by running the BIOS setup program. How to do a test with the BIOS program as follows:

    1. Turn on the monitor and system unit. Note the display monitor and the sound from the speakers.
    2. Fost of the BIOS program will automatically detect the installed computer hardware. If there are errors then display a blank screen and the speaker sounds a beep on a regular basis as an indication of error codes. Check reference BIOS code to find an error indication is meant by the beep code.
    3. If no error occurs then the monitor displays the execution of the POST program. BIOS interrupt key ekan according to the instructions on the screen to enter the BIOS setup program.
    4. Check all the hardware detection by the BIOS setup program. Some settings may have changed in value, especially the capacity of hard drives and boot sequence.
    5. Save changes to the settings and exit the BIOS setup.

After exit from the BIOS setup, the computer will load the Operating System with appropriate search order settings in the BIOS boot sequence. Insert Bootable Diskette or CD containing the operating system to drive the search.

Handling Problems

A common problem in computer assembly and handling, among others:

    1. Computer or monitor is not lit, probably due to the switch or power cord not connected.
    2. Card adapter is not detected due to the installation of not fitting into the card slot /

LED of the hard disk, floppy or CD burning continue due to wiring error or a pin connector that fits yet connected. Congratulations and Good Trying Helpful.

  Source: www.google.com

just you

Bright star
Your light is beautiful
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to someone ... ... ... ...


where I really miss him
night was so quiet ... ... ....
why he did not present to accompany
wind is blowing fast ... ... ....
God tell him my greetings
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wherever he went

EVERY WORD IS I LOVE YOU
THERE IS ONLY ONE my heart is YOU NAME
ONLY YOU every step
ME LOVE YOU FOR LIFE
AND I remembered MATIPUN ME YOU WILL

love ? ? ?

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You leave the piece lies in the taste,,

love ..
I was only able to embrace a sense of
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goodbye love,,
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let the hearts similar string behind the curtain ... the blood.